1章现代语言学.docVIP

1章： 一．1.linguistics:Linguistics is generally defined as the sciengific study of languuage. 2.phonitics:The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example ,vowels and consonants. 3.phonology:The study of how sounds are put together and used is communication is called phonology.For example ,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4.Morphology:The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boyand “ish “—boyish,teach---teacher. 5.syntax:The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For example,”John likes linguistics.” 6.semantics:The study of meaning in language is called semantics.For example.”The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.”The seal could not be found .The king became worried.Here the word seal means different things. 7.pragmatics:The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example.”I do “.The word do means differently in different context. 8.Sociolinguistics:The study lof language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9.psycholinguistics:The sdudy of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二．1．Why is language not entirely arbitrary? Because there are words in every language that imitate matural sounds ,such as crash ,bang in English.Besides,some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary.These words can not be made freely. 2.Why is language culturally transmitted and why are animal call systems genetically transmitted? Beacause the details of any language are not genetically transmitted,but instead have to be taught and learned anew.It is passed on from one generation to another through teaching and learning rather than by instinct.In contrast ,animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species,so animal call systems are genetically