环境工程专业英语复习(二).docVIP

Four characteristics of community structure(空间分布)physical appearance, species diversity or richness（多样性）, species abundance（丰度）, niche structure（生态地位结构）. Three major factors affect species diversity: latitude（纬度） in terrestrial communities（地球群落）; depth in aquatic system; pollution in aquatic system（水环境）. Where is most of the World’s Biodiversity Found? Tropical rain forests, coral reefs, the deep sea, large tropical lakes. What determines the number of species on island? Size and degree of isolation（隔离程度）. Four types of species: native species（本土物种）: normally live and thrive（繁衍） in a particular ecosystem; nonnative species: migrate into an ecosystem or are deliberately or accidentally introduced into an ecosystem by humans; indicator species（指示性生物）: serves early warnings of damage to a community or an ecosystem(Birds are excellent biological indicators because they are found almost everywhere and respond quickly to environmental change.); keystone species（关键物种）: the roles of some species in an ecosystem are much more important than their abundance or biomass suggests. Five basic types of interaction between species: interspecific competition, predation（掠夺）, parasitism（寄生）, mutualism（互利共生）, commensalism（共生） Intraspecific competition: competition between members of the same species for the same resources. Interspecific competition: competition between members of two or more different species for food, space, or any other limited resource. What is the competitive exclusion principle? Sometimes one species eliminates another species in a particular area through competition for limited resources. How have some species reduced or avoided competition? One way this happens is through resource partitioning，the dividing up of scarce（紧缺的） resources so that species with similar needs use them(1) at different times, (2)in different ways, (3)in different places. Symbiosis: a relationship in which species live together in an intimate as