第一章节克鲁格曼国际经济学课件幻灯片.pptVIP

Chapter 1 Introduction Introduction What is International Economics About? International Economics: Trade and Money * Introduction The study of international economics has never been as important as it is now. At the beginning of the 21st century, nations are more closely linked through trade in goods and services, through flows of money, and through investment in each others’ economies than ever before. Figure 1-1 shows that international trade for the United States has roughly tripled in importance compared with the U.S. economy as a whole. * * Figure 1-1: Exports and Imports as a Percentage of U.S. National Income * Figure 1-2: Exports and Imports as Percentages of National Income in 1994 International trade for the World * International trade for China * 1-1 What is International Economics About? International economics deals with economic interactions that occur between independent nations. The role of governments in regulating international trade and investment is substantial. Analytically, international markets allow governments to discriminate against a subgroup of companies. Governments also control the supply of currency. There are several issues that recur throughout the study of international economics. * The Gains from Trade Many people are skeptical about importing goods that a country could produce for itself. When countries sell goods to one another, all countries benefit. Trade and income distribution International trade might hurt some groups within nations. Trade, technology, and wages of high and low-skilled workers. * The Pattern of Trade (who sells what to whom?) Climate and resources determine the trade pattern of several goods. In manufacturing and services the pattern of trade is more subtle. There are two types of trade: Interindustry trade depends on differences across countries. Intraindustry trade depends on market size and occurs among similar countries. * How Much Trade? Many governments are trying to shield certain industries fr