三峡大学机械专业英语--第9课.ppt

13 Hydraulic Turbines Power may be developed from water by three fundamental processes: by action of its weight, of its pressure, or of its velocity; or by a combination of any or all three. In modern practice the pelton or impulse wheel is the only type which obtains power by a single process the action of one or more high velocity jets. This type of wheel is usually found in high-head developments. 13 Hydraulic Turbines There has been practically no increase in the efficiency of hydraulic turbines since about 1925, when maximum efficiencies reached 93% or more. As far as maximum efficiency is concerned, the hydraulic turbine has about reached the practicable limit of development. Nevertheless, in recent years, there has been a rapid and marked increase in the physical size and horsepower capacity of individual units. 13 Hydraulic Turbines In addition, there has been considerable research into the cause and prevention of cavitation, which allows the advantages of higher specific speeds to be obtained at higher heads than formerly were considered advisable. The net effect of this progress with large units, higher specific speed, and simplification and improvements in design has been to retain for the hydraulic turbine the important place which it has long held at one of the important prime movers 13 Hydraulic Turbines Hydraulic turbines may be grouped in two general classes: the impulse type which utilizes the kinetic energy of a high-velocity jet which acts upon only a small part of the circumference at any instant, and the reaction type which develops power from the combined action of pressure and velocity of the water that completely fills the runner and water passages. 13 Hydraulic Turbines The reaction group is divided into two general types: the Francis, sometimes called the reaction type, and the propeller type. The propeller class is also further subdivided into the fixed-blade propeller type, and the adjustable -blade type of whi