数据库课件lec4calculus幻灯片.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Relational Calculus Jianlin Feng School of Software SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY courtesy of Joe Hellerstein for some slides Relational Calculus Query has the form: {T | p(T)} T is a tuple variable. p(T) is a formula containing T . Answer = tuples T for which p(T) = true. Formulae Atomic formulae: T ? Relation T.a op T.b T.a op constant … op is one of A formula can be: an atomic formula Free and Bound Variables Quantifiers: ? and ? Use of or binds X. A variable that is not bound is free. Recall our definition of a query: {T | p(T)} Important restriction: T must be the only free variable in p(T). all other variables must be bound using a quantifier. Simple Queries Find all sailors with rating above 7 Find names and ages of sailors with rating above 7. Note: S is a variable of 2 fields (i.e. S is a projection of Sailors) {S |S ?Sailors ? S.rating 7} {S | ?S1 ?Sailors(S1.rating 7 ? S.sname = S1.sname ? S.age = S1.age)} Find sailors rated 7 who’ve reserved boat #103 { S | S?Sailors ? S.rating 7 ? ?R(R?Reserves ? R.sid = S.sid ? R.bid = 103) } Joins Joins (continued) This may look cumbersome, but it’s not so different from SQL! { S | S?Sailors ? S.rating 7 ? ?R(R?Reserves ? R.sid = S.sid ? ?B(B?Boats ? B.bid = R.bid ? B.color = ‘red’)) } Find sailors rated 7 who’ve reserved a red boat Universal Quantification Find sailors who’ve reserved all boats { S | S?Sailors ? ?B?Boats (?R?Reserves (S.sid = R.sid ? B.bid = R.bid)) } A trickier example… { S | S?Sailors ? ?B ? Boats ( B.color = ‘red’ ? ?R(R?Reserves ? S.sid = R.sid ? B.bid = R.bid)) } Find sailors wh