第一章3(放线菌).ppt.ppt

Comparison of The Prokaryotic and Eucaryotic Cell Properties Prokaryote Eukaryote Phylogenetic groups Bacteria,Archaea Eukarya:Algae, fungi,protozoa,plants,animals Size Generally small, usually2μm in diameter Usually large, 2 to100 μm in diameter Nuclear membranes Absent Present Nucleolus Absent Present DNA Not mitosis Mitosis;mitotic apparatus with microtubular spindle * Properties Prokaryote Eukaryote Cytoplasmic membrane Usually lacks sterols;hopanoids may be present Sterols usually present;hopanoids absent Ribosomes 70s in size 80s,except for ribosomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts which are 70s Membranous organelles Absent Several present Respiration system Part of cytoplasmic membrane;mitochondria absent In mitochondria; hydrogenosomes in certain anaerobic species Cell walls Present(in most), composed of peptidoglycan(bacteria), protein, other polysaccharides, glycoprotein(Archaea) Present in plants,algae,fungi,usually polysaccharide;absent in animals ,most protozoa * Their DNA is associated with histone proteins. membrane-bounded organelles 9+2 type flagella Eucaryotic Cell * The chief distinguishing characteristics of procaryotic cells are: 1. Their genetic material (DNA) is not enclosed within a membrane. 2. They lack other membrane-bounded organelles. 3. Their DNA is not associated with histone proteins. 4. Their cell walls almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan. 5. They usually divide by binary fission. During this process, the DNA is copied and the cell splits into two cells. * * 放线菌是一类主要呈菌丝状生长和以孢子繁殖的陆生性较强的原核生物。也可将之定义为一类主要呈丝状生长和以孢子繁殖的G-细菌。放线菌是介于细菌与丝状真菌之间而又接近细菌的一类丝状原核生物。由于它的菌落是放射状的，所以称放线菌。 * * 枝原体（Mycoplasma） 1. 支原体又称类菌质体，是一类无细胞壁、介于独立生活和细胞内寄生生活间的最小型原核生物。多数为致病菌。 * 球状体：0.2-0.25 mm，最小达0.1 mm；丝状体最长可达150 mm，因细胞柔软且具扭曲性，致使细胞能通过孔径比自身小得多的过滤器。 2. 特 性 1）无细胞壁，只有细胞膜，细胞形态多变； 2）个体很小，能通过细菌过滤器，曾被认为是最小的可独立生活的细胞型生物。 3）可进行人工培养，但营养要求苛刻，菌落微小，呈典型的 “油煎荷包蛋”形状； 4）一些支原体能引起人类、牲畜、家禽和作物的病害疾病 5）应用活组织细胞培养病毒或体外组织细胞培养时，常被支原体污染； 6）对能与核糖体、细胞膜结合的表面活性剂、抗