[文学]Chapter2SpeechSounds.pptVIP

Introduction to Linguistics Gengtang Wu Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University Guangzhou, October 2010 Chapter 2 Speech Sounds Phonetics, three main branches Articulatory phonetics----the study of the production of speech sounds. 发声语音学 Acoustic phonetics----the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. 声学语音学 Auditory phonetics----the study of the perception of speech sounds, how sounds are received and understood. 听觉语音学 2.1 How speech sounds are made 1) The initiator of the air-stream Power source - lungs Plosive ---an out wards movement of air stream Implosive---an inwards movement of air stream 2.1.1 Speech organs 2) The vocal cords Three main functions: Tightly closed---glottal stop Brought together---voiced Wide open----voiceless Epiglottis Vocal cords Glottis 3)The resonating cavities The pharynx The nasal cavity The oral cavity IPA the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1988 on the basis of the phonetic alphabet proposed  at the time. It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The idea was first proposed by the Danish grammarian  Jespersen in 1886. The first version of IPA was published in August 1888. The latest version was devised in 1993 and corrected in 1996. 2.1.2 The IPA 2.2.1 Consonants sounds made by a closure or narrowing in the vocal tract so that the airflow is either completely blocked, or so restricted that audible friction is produced. 1) Manners of Articulation - refer to ways in which articulation can be accomplished. (1) Stop (or Plosive) 爆破音: an explosion resulting from a momentary closure and then release of air, /p, b, t, d, k, g/ (2) Nasal鼻音: where there is a total blockage and the sound instead goes through the nose, /m/, /n/. 2.2 Consonants and vowels (3) Fricative摩擦音: where there is continuous friction at the place of articulation. /f/, /s/ Sibilants are a special type of fricative where the ai