青霉素简介(英文教学)Production of penicillin方案说明.pptVIP

Production of penicillin;Downstream Processing;Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by other microbes (usually fungi or bacteria). The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and rediscovered byAlexander Flemming in 1928 from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum. ;;When penicillin was first made at the end of the second world war using the fungus Penicilium notatum, the process made 1 mg dm-3. Today, using a different species (P. chrysogenum) and a better extraction procedures the yield is 50 g dm-3. There is a constant search to improve the yield. ;Antibiotics can be selectively toxic by targeting such features as the bacterial cell wall, 70S ribosomes, and enzymes that are specific to bacteria. In this way the human eukaryotic cells are unaffected. ;For example:;Other antibiotics MO may affect: Cell membrane DNA replication Transcription Translation;Antibiotic production;Antibiotic Production Methods;;The resulting penicillin (called penicillin G) can be chemically and enzymatically modified to make a variety of penicillins with slightly different properties. These semi-synthetic penicillins include penicillin V, penicillin O, ampicillin and amoxycillin.;What is the Carbon source? What is the nitrogen source? What is the energy source? Is the fermentation aerobic or anaerobic? What is the optimum temperature? Is penicillin a primary or secondary metabolite? What volume fermenter is used? Why isnt a larger fermenter used? When is penicillin produced? How long can it be produced for? What was the first fungus known to produce penicillin? What species produces about 60mg/dm3 of penicillin? How did scientists improve the yield still further? What is the substrate? Why is batch culture used? What are the processes involved in down-stream processing? a) b) c) Why cant penicillin be taken orally? Name the form of penicillin which can be taken orally. How does Penicillin kill bacteria? Why are Gram negative bacteria not k