07-地质生物学-硫同位素.pptVIP

Isotopic geochemistry of nitrogen Isotopes of nitrogen Chemistry of nitrogen Biochemistry of the nitrogen cycle Global nitrogen cycle Isotopes of nitrogen Oxidation steps of nitrogen Biochemistry of nitrogen I: Processes Biochemistry of nitrogen II: Fractionations * Geochemistry of Stable Isotopes Reconstruction of biogeochemical processes by characteristic changes in the isotopic composition d34S d34SSO4 d34SAVS d34SCRS d34SOBS Geochemistry of Stable Isotopes d34SSO4 d34SS2O3 d34SH2S d34SS° d34SSorg d34SSO3 d34SS° EVAPORITES BIOGENIC SULFIDES CONTINENTAL WEATHERING MANTLE SULFUR SEAWATER SULFATE Geochemistry of Stable Isotopes Geochemistry of Stable Isotopes Meteorites (Iron) Igneous rocks Volcanic sulphur Petroleum and coal Modern Seawater SO42- Tertiary CaSO4 Cenozoic CaSO4 Devonian to Permian CaSO4 Early Paleozoic CaSO4 Shales Limestones Biogenic Pyrite d34S (‰, VCDT) Sulphide CaSO4 S2- SO2/SO42- -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 Clark Fritz (1997) The Exogenic Sulfur Cycle -40 -30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 +30 +40 d34S (‰) seawater sulfate sedimentary pyrite dissimilatory sulfate reduction SO4 100% 0% [SO4] d34S total sulfide H2S disproportionation eBSR FeS2 OBS H2S FeS2 OBS H2S H2S FeS2 OBS Geochemistry of Stable Isotopes Geochemistry of Stable Isotopes Closed-system andopen-system fractionation from: Kendall and Caldwell, 1998 Geochemistry of Stable Isotopes SO42-(out) SO42-(in) APS SO32- H2S ATP e- e- Bacterial Sulfate Reduction 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 sulfate uptakesulfate + adenosine triphosphatereduction of adenosine-5‘-phosphosulfate reduction of sulfite to sulfide e (‰) 3/+-25 25 Geochemistry of Stable Isotopes Fig. 4 Sulfur isotopic composition of pyrite in modern marine sediments from Strauss (1997) d34S seawater sulfate e (‰) Geochemistry of Stable Isotopes What controls eBSR ? type and availability of organic substrate temperature sulfate concentration ! Change of the sulfate reduction rate ! Change of the