chapter 22 - offshore structures under earthquake loads第22章地震荷载下的海洋结构浅析.pdfVIP

CHAPTER 22 Offshore Structures Under Earthquake Loads 22.1 General Bottom-supported offshore structures in seismic areas may be subjected to intensive ground shaking that causes structures to undergo large deformations well into the plastic range. Previous research in this area has mainly resulted in procedures that have sought solutions in the frequency plane (Penzien, 1976). The present chapter is devoted to timee domain solutions that allow the development of plastic deformations that can be examined in detail. The basic dynamics of earthquake action on structures has been discussed in Clough and Penzien (1975) and Chopra (1995). There have been extensive investigations on earthquake response of building structures in the time domain (Powell, 1973). Unfortunately, most works have been limited to plane frames. Furthermore, for offshore structures, hydrodynamic loads have to be taken into account and the geometric nonlinearities become more important than in building structures. Therefore, there is the need for a procedure to predict earthquake responses of offshore structures that includes both geometric and material nonlinearities. Methods for analysis of frame structures including geometric nonlinearities have been based on either the finite element approach (Nedergaard and Pedersen, 1986) or the beam- column approach (Yao et al., 1986). Nedergaard and Pedersen (1986) derived a deformation stiffness matrix for beam-column elements. This matrix is a function of element deformations and incorporates coupling between axial and lateral deformations. It is used together with linear and the geometric stiffness matrices. Material nonlinearity can be taken into account in an efficient and accurate way by use of the plastic node method (Ueda and Yao, 1982). Using ordinary finite elements, the plastic deformation of the elements is concentrated to the nodes in