第01章 国际贸易理论的微观基础讲义.pptVIP

Micro-Foundations of International Trade Theory;Structure;Key Concepts;Key Concepts; § 1;1. in narrow sense;1. Positive Analysis?  实证分析;Modern trade theory seeks to answer the following questions:; § 2; Take no account of monetary factor ;二、The Main Analytical Tools;（一）Production Possibility Frontier and Supply;Production Possibility Frontier;Marginal Rate of Transformation;Opportunity Cost; Constant opportunity costs机会成本不变 lead to linear PPF. Increasing opportunity costs机会成本递增 give rise to a PPF that is concave, viewed from the diagram’s origin.;Y;Y;（二）Consumer preference and Community Indifference Curve;Marginal Rate of Substitution;A;三、General Equilibrium in Isolation;Y; Conclusion;（二）National supply curve and National demand curve;;NSX denotes supply curve of commodity X, which is positively sloped.NDX denotes demand curve of commodity X, which is negatively sloped.;（三）The relative price difference and The occurrence of international trade in autarky ;Figure 1-8、1-9 相对价格差与国际贸易的发生;四、General Equilibrium in Open Economy;Y;（二）International equilibrium price ;PX/PY;PX/PY;PX/PY;五、Gains from Trade;An improvement in a nation’s terms of trade （贸易条件改善）requires that the prices of its exports rise relative to the prices of its imports over the given time period. A smaller quantity of export goods sold abroad is required to obtain a given quantity of imports.;A deterioration in a nation’s terms of trade （贸易条件恶化）is due to a rise in its import prices relative to its export prices over a time period. The purchase of a given quantity of imports would require the sacrifice of greater quantity of exports.;Y;（二）The decomposition of gains from trade;Y; Conclusion; Conclusion; § 3;一、A World without Trade;4. Returns to scale（规模报酬） are constant 5. Commodity market and factor market are perfectly competitive（完全竞争） without externality（外部性）;Figure 1-16、1-17 一个没有贸易的假想世界;二、The Causes of