数学专业英语(吴炯圻-第2版)2-3总结归纳.ppt

New Words Expressions: brace 大括号 roster 名册 consequence 结论，推论 roster notation 枚举法 designate 标记，指定 rule out 排除，否决 diagram 图形，图解 subset 子集 distinct 互不相同的 the underlying set 基础集 distinguish 区别，辨别 universal set 全集 divisible 可被除尽的 validity 有效性 dummy 哑的，哑变量 visual 可视的 even integer 偶数 visualize 可视化 irrelevant 无关紧要的 void set(empty set) 空集;The concept of a set has been utilized so extensively throughout modern mathematics that an understanding of it is necessary for all college students. Sets are a means by which mathematicians talk of collections of things in an abstract way. ;We use the special notation to mean that “x is an element of S” or “x belongs to S”. If x does not belong to S, we write . ;The dots are used only when the meaning of “and so on” is clear. The method of listing the members of a set within braces is sometimes referred to as the roster notation.;DEFINITION OF SET EQUALITY Two sets A and B are said to be equal (or identical) if they consist of exactly the same elements, in which case we write A=B. If one of the sets contains an element not in the other, we say the sets unequal and we write A≠B.;EXAMPLE 1. According to this definition, the two sets {2,4,6,8} and {2,8,6,4} are equal since they both consist of the four integers 2,4,6 and 8. Thus, when we use the roster notation to describe a set, the order in which the elements appear is irrelevant.;EXAMPLE 2. The sets {2,4,6,8} and {2,2,4,4,6,8} are equal even though, in the second set, each of the elements 2 and 4 is listed twice. Both sets contain the four elements 2,4,6,8 and no others; therefore, the definition requires that we call these sets equal. ;From a given set S we may form new sets, called subsets of S. For example, the set consisting of those positive integers less than 10 which are divisible by 4 (the set {4,8}) is a subset of the set of all even i