Chemists and Chemistry - 建構中.ppt

Energy, Enthalpy, and Thermochemistry Lecture 6 郭修伯 Contents 9.1 The Nature of energy 9.2 Enthalpy 9.3 Thermodynamics of Ideal Gases 9.4 Calorimetry 9.5 Hess’s Law 9.6 Standard Enthalpies of Formation 9.7 Present Sources of Energy 9.8 New Energy Sources The Nature of Energy Definition of Energy The capacity to do work or to produce heat The law of conservation of energy: Energy can be converted from one form to another but can be neither created nor destroyed. Energy classification: Potential energy Kinetic energy Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Potential Energy: Energy due to position or composition Water behind a dam has potential energy The energy released when gasoline is burned results from differences in the attractive forces between nuclei and electrons in the reactants and products. Kinetic energy: Due to the motion of the object and depends on the mass of the object (m) and its velocity (v): Energy Transfer through… Work Defined as a force acting over a distance Heat Involves the transfer of energy between two objects due to a temperature difference. NOT a substance contained in an object. Heat and temperature are decidedly different. Temperature is a property that reflects the random motion of the particles in a particular substance. The temperature of a monatomic ideal gas is an index of the average random translational energy of the gas. A State Function (Property) refers to a property of the system that depends only on its present state. does not depend in any way on the system’s past (or future). the value of a state function does not depend on how the system arrived at the present state Of the functions considered in our present example, energy is a state function, but work and heat are not state functions. Chemical Energy Exothermic reaction Exo- is a prefix meaning “out of” Energy flows out of the system. Endothermic reaction Reactions that absorb energy from the surroundings. When the heat flow is into a system, the process is endotherm