1 List unique characteristics that distinguish archaea from bacteria1位独特的特点，区分细菌，古细菌.ppt

5. Distinguish between the structure and staining properties of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram stain ? a stain used to distinguish two groups of bacteria by virtue of a structural difference in their cell walls Gram + ? simple cell walls with lots of peptidoglycan - these stain blue in color Gram - ? more complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan - Outer lipopolysaccharide-containing membrane that covers the cell wall - these stain pink in color ? 6. Explain why disease-causing gram-negative bacterial species are generally more pathogenic than disease-causing gram-positive bacteria. The lipopolysaccharides: - these are often toxic and the outer membrane helps protect these bacteria from host defense systems - can impede the entry of drugs into the cells, making gram negative bacteria more resistant to antibiotics ? 7. Describe three mechanisms motile bacteria use to move. Flagella Filaments ? characteristic of spirochetes - spiral around cell inside cell wall and rotate like a corkscrew Gliding ? glide through a layer of slimy chemicals secreted by the organism - movement may result from flagellar motors that lack the flagellar filaments ? 8. Explain how prokaryotic flagella work and why they are not considered to be homologous to eukaryotic flagella. Prokaryotic flagella are unique in structure and function They lack the microtubular structure and rotate rather than whip back and forth They are not covered by plasma membrane They are 1/10 the width of eukaryotic flagella ? 9. Explain what is meant by geometric growth. One cell divides into two, two divide into four, four into eight, etc… Essentially, growth doubles with each generation ? 10. Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs. Autotrophs ? organisms that synthesize their food from inorganic molecules and compounds - Example: Plants, cyanobacteria Heterotrophs ? organisms that require organic nutrients as their carbon source - Example: Animals, some bacteria ? 11. D