Acids and Bases：酸和碱.pptVIP

Chapter 14Acids and Bases Arrhenius Concept: Acids produce H+ in solution, bases produce OH? ion. Br?nsted-Lowry: Acids are H+ donors, bases are proton acceptors. HCl + H2O ? Cl? + H3O+ acid base conjugate conjugate base acid Proton is transferred from the HCl molecule to the water molecule. Conjugate Acid/Base Pairs HA(aq) + H2O(l) ? H3O+(aq) + A?(aq) conj conj conj conj acid 1 base 2 acid 2 base 1 Conjugate base: everything that remains of the acid molecule after a proton is lost. Conjugate acid: formed when the proton is transferred to the base. A conjugate acid-base pair consists of two substances related to each other by the donating and accepting of a single proton. Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka) HA(aq) + H2O(l) ? H3O+(aq) + A?(aq) Where, Ka is the acid dissociation constant. In dilute solution we can assume that the concentration of liquid water remains essentially constant when an acid is dissolved. Acid Strength The strength of an acid is defined by the equilibrium position of its dissociation (ionization) reaction: HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A-(aq) Strong Acid: Its equilibrium position lies far to the right. (HNO3) Yields a weak conjugate base. (NO3?) Common strong acids are H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, HClO4 Acid Strength(continued) Weak Acid: Its equilibrium lies far to the left. (CH3COOH) Yields a much stronger (it is relatively strong) conjugate base than water. (CH3COO?) Common weak acids are H3PO4, HNO2, HOCl, organic acids (-COOH). Monoprotic acid: One acidic proton (HCl) HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Diprotic acid: Two acidic protons (H2SO4) H2SO4(aq) H+(aq) + HSO4-(aq) HSO4- (aq) H+(aq) + SO4 2-(aq) Oxyacids: Acidic proton is attached to an oxygen atom (H2SO4) Organic acids: Those with a carbon atom backbone, contain the carboxyl group (-COOH). CH3-COOH, C6H5-COO