Lecture 4 Electric potential - peopleVirginiaEDU讲座4电位- peoplevirginiaedu.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Potential due to a ring of charge Direct integration. Since V is a scalar, it is easier to evaluate V than E. Find V on the axis of a ring of total charge Q. Use the formula for a point charge, but replace q with elemental charge dq and integrate. Point charge For an element of charge r is a constant as we integrate. This is simpler than finding E because V is not a vector. V * Potential due to a line charge We know that for an element of charge dq the potential is For the line charge let the charge density be l. Then dq=ldx Now, we can find the total potential V produced by the rod at point P by integrating along the length of the rod from x=0 to x=L * A new method to find E if the potential is known. If we know V, how do we find E? So the x component of E is the derivative of V with respect to x, etc. If V = a constant, then Ex = 0. The lines or surfaces on which V remains constant are called equipotential lines or surfaces. See example on next slide * Equipotential Surfaces Three examples What is the equipotential surface and equipotential volume for an arbitrary shaped charged conductor? See physlet 9.3.2 Which equipotential surfaces fit the field lines? * a) Uniform E field V = constant in y and z directions Point charge (concentric shells) c) Electric Dipole (ellipsoidal concentric shells) Blue lines are the electric field lines Orange dotted lines represent the equipotential surfaces x * Electric Potential Energy U of a system of charges How much work is required to set up the arrangement of Figure 24-46 if q = 3.20 pC, a = 54.0 cm, and the particles are initially infinitely far apart and at rest? q1 q2 q3 q4 W = U * E1 E2 * Dielectric Breakdown: Application of Gauss’s Law If the electric field in a gas exceeds a certain value, the gas breaks down and you get a spark or lightning bolt if the gas is air. In dry air at STP, you get a spark when 1 2 V = constant on s