plant defense against insect herbivores：植物防御植食性昆虫_精品.doc

plant defense against insect herbivores：植物防御植食性昆虫 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 10242-10297; doi:10.3390/ijms140510242 International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 /journal/ijms Review Plant Defense against Insect Herbivores Joel Fürstenberg-H?gg, Mika Zagrobelny and S?ren Bak * Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and VKR Research Centre ?Pro-Active Plants?, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen DK-1871, Denmark; E-Mails: joelf@life.ku.dk (J.F.-H.); miz@life.ku.dk (M.Z.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: bak@life.ku.dk; Tel.: +45-353-33346; Fax: +45-353-33300. Received: 2 April 2013; in revised form: 27 April 2013 / Accepted: 2 May 2013 / Published: 16 May 2013 Abstract: Plants have been interacting with insects for several hundred million years, leading to complex defense approaches against various insect feeding strategies. Some defenses are constitutive while others are induced, although the insecticidal defense compound or protein classes are often similar. Insect herbivory induce several internal signals from the wounded tissues, including calcium ion fluxes, phosphorylation cascades and systemic- and jasmonate signaling. These are perceived in undamaged tissues, which thereafter reinforce their defense by producing different, mostly low molecular weight, defense compounds. These bioactive specialized plant defense compounds may repel or intoxicate insects, while defense proteins often interfere with their digestion. Volatiles are released upon herbivory to repel herbivores, attract predators or for communication between leaves or plants, and to induce defense responses. Plants also apply morphological features like waxes, trichomes and latices to make the feeding more difficult for the insects. Extrafloral nectar, food bodies and nesting or refuge sites are produced to accommodate and feed the predators of the herbivores. Meanw