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生活类Practice Does Not Make PerfectTo master the violin takes l0,000 hours of practice. Put in that time and expertise will follow. This, at least, is what many music teachers tell their pupils. Psychologists are more skeptical. Some agree practice truly is the thing that separates experts from beginners. but others suspect genes play a role, too, and that without the right genetic make-up, even 20,000 hours of practice would be pointless.A study just published in Psychological Science, by Miriam Mosing of the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, suggests that the skeptics are right. Practicing music without the right genes to back that practice up is indeed useless.Mosing drew her conclusion in a time-honored way-by studying twins. She and her colleagues surveyed 1,211 pairs of identical twins (who share all their genes) and 1,358 pairs of fraternal twins (who share half). They asked each participant whether he or she played a musical instrument or actively engaged in singing. Those who did were asked to estimate how many hours a week they had practiced at different ages. From this, Mosing was able to calculate a score for each individual s lifetime practice. Anyone who did not play an instrument or sing got no point.Next, Mosing tested her volunteers musical abilities. Expert musicians are exceptionally good at detecting differences in pitch, melody and rhythm. She therefore expected to find that if someone had put in sufficient practice time, his musical ability would be as high as an expert s.However, that was not true. In fact, there appeared to be no relationships between practice and musical ability of the sort she was measuring. A twin who practiced more than his genetically identical co-twin did not appear to have better musical abilities as a result. In one case, the difference between two such twins was 20,228 hours of practice, even though the pair’s measured musical abilities were found to be the same.That is not to say practice has no value. Playing an inst