口腔种植学精品教学（中山大学）maxilla and mandible.pptVIP

The mental foramen is located at practically the same level on most humans: 13-15mm superior to the inferior border of the mandible. [in a study of 40 skulls, the mental foramen was found most often to be directly under the second premolar(40%). Infrequently, it was located distal to the apex of the second premolar(17.5%) and was never found under the apex of the first premolar.] Ramus: Lateral Surfaces There are two processes on the superior end of each ramus. The coronoid process冠突is the more pointed, anterior process on the upper border. The second more rounded and posterior process of the ramus is the condyloid髁状突 process (also called the mandibular condyle). This process is composed of a bulky condyle head and a narrow neck that attaches the head to the ramus. The sigmoid notch乙状切迹 (also called the mandibular or semilunar notch) is located between the coronoid process and the condyloid process. Internal or Medial Surface of Mandible The mandibular foramen is a prominent opening located on the medial surface of the ramus inferior to the sigmoid notch near the center of the ramus. It is the entrance into the mandibular canal where the inferior alveolar vessels and nerves pass from the infratemporal space into the mandible. The mandibular lingual is a tongue-shaped projection of bone just anterior and slightly superior to the mandibular foramen. This is where the inferior end of the sphenomandibular蝶下颌的ligament attaches to the mandible. On the inferior border of the mandible, a notch (call the antegonial notch角前切迹) is located anterior to the angle of the mandible and is the passageway for the facial arteries and veins. You may be able to feel a pulse in this location of your own lower jaw. * Bony Processes on Each Maxilla There are four processes extending out from the body of the maxillae. Frontal (or Nasofrontal) process derives its name from the fact that its medial 中间的 edge joins with the nasal bone, extending superiorly to also articulate wi