《有机化学精品教学》（汕头大学）chapter 11_13.pptVIP

Chapter 11X-rays (June 14, 2013) 11.1 The fundamental knowledge and the production of x-rays 11.2 The X-ray spectrum 11.3 The basic properties of x-rays 11.4 The attenuation (衰减) of x-rays 11.5 Applications of x-rays to medicine X-CT Computerized Tomography (X射线断层摄影术)　 CT shows：subarachnoid hemorrhage (蛛网膜下腔出血) How to get the image? Basic principle of CT: (1) As different tissue has different absorbing coefficient and different thickness also has different absorbing coefficient ?, the coefficient are taken as a parameter. (2) The principle is to set up the distribution of the coefficient in each part of every layer of the material in question and using computer to reconstruct the image of the material. Reconstruction of image ?1 ?2 ?3 ?4 ?n-1 ?n ……….. l …… In ?11 ?12 ?21 ?22 每次照射可以到In，可算出?的和 8 9 10 7 5 So we have: 3 5 7 2 CT Scanner CT Scanner: Computerized Tomography Scanner: an x-ray machine that can produce stereographic images (former name: CAT Scanner (Computer-Aided Tomography) PET: positron emission computerized tomography Classroom Quiz: (1) Write the ground-state configuration (组态，位形) of Boron (硼) with Z = 5. (2) Write the possible electronic quantum states that could be possible taken for the outmost sub-shell electron of Boron. X-rays are produced when rapidly moving electrons that have been accelerated through potential differences of the order of 103 to 106V are allowed to strike a metal target. They were first observed by R?ntgen in 1895, and was originally named as R?ntgen rays (伦琴射线). X-rays are emitted from the anode surface as a consequence of bombardment (轰击) by the electron stream. Two distinct processes are involved in x-ray emission. (1) Some of the electrons are stopped by the target and their kinetic energy is converted directly to x-radiation. Others transfer their energy in whole or in part to the atoms of the target, which retain it temporarily as “energy of excitation” but very shortly emit it as x-radiation. The latter