植物的环境.docVIP

1 植物的環境 (The Environment of Plants) 1. Hydrosphere, atmosphere and pedosphere together constitute thr spatial environment of plants. soil systems, i.e., the pedosphere, formed with the assistance of microorganisms and animals and served as the principle substrate for plants to grow. 2. Environment is the all biotic and abiotic conditions acting upon individual living organisms or a community of organisms in the habitatsabiotic: physical and chemical factot of habitats biotic: co-occurring organisms ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.1 植物的環境 (The surroundings of plants) 1.1.1 大氣 (The Atmosphere) a thin layer of air enveloping the earth.fig1.1 1.1.2 水圈 (The Hydrosphere) The hydrosphere comprises the oceans, groundwaters, polar ice, and water in the atmosphere. The htdrosphere plays a critical role in the earth’s climate system by balancing the heat (heat storage in water; global heat turnover in air; water vapor is the most important greenhouse gas). In rivers and lakes, an excess of nutrients builds up as a result of inflowing nitrate- and phosphate- loaded wastewater. The water becomes eutrophic, i.e., high in nutrient concentration. Oligotrophic 氣體在水中的溶解度隨著壓力增加或溫度下降而上升,鹽濃度高時,溶解度降低 Table1.1 在與空氣達成平衡時,CO2,O2對水的溶解度都隨溫度上升而降低,但molar ratio O2/CO2卻是隨溫度上升而上升,原因是二者溶解度下降的比例不同. Water current對於水域的含氧量,溫度平衡,養份循環都有重要的貢獻 1. 缺乏water current時,水域會產生溫度和密度的分層 2. thermocline 是在水域的某個深度,水溫快速下降的區域.風和潮水引起水的運動,減弱上層水域的密度梯度,影響範圍到達thermocline之上 3. 湖泊也會有暖水浮在上層,冷水在下層的密度分層現象.這種分層必需要上層水冷卻到足夠程度才會因對流而打破.例如中高緯度的春秋季. 1.1.3 岩石圈與土壤 (The Lithosphere and the Soil) Lithosphere Pedosphere: 由疏鬆的岩石表層,無機物,有機物所組成的複雜系統 土壤結構( Soil texture )由粒子大小及腐植質含量決定 Diameter(mm) sandy soil 0.06~2 clay soil 0.002 Loamy soil 根據clay含量分為sandy loam 到 heavy loam Organic matter(%) Poor in humus 1 Humic 1-4 Strongly humic 4 Humus rich 8 土壤是1個多相的系統(multiple system),包括固相,液相,氣相. 1.1.4 植物圈 - Ecosphere的一部份 (The Phyt