微观经济学英文教程Ch_08单元.pptVIP

Application: the Costs of Taxation应用：税收的成本 Chapter 8 The Cost of Taxation征税的成本 How do taxes affect the economic well-being of market participants? 税收如何影响市场参与者的经济福利？ It does not matter whether a tax on a good is levied on buyers or sellers of the good… the price paid by buyers rises, and the price received by sellers falls. 对某商品征税时由买者支付还是卖者支付其实无关紧要……结果都是买者支付的价格上升而卖者受到的价格下降。 The Effects of a Tax...税收的效应 Price 0 Quantity Quantity without tax Supply Demand Price without tax Price buyers pay Quantity with tax Size of tax Price sellers receive The Effects of a Tax A tax places a wedge between the price buyers pay and the price sellers receive. 税收在买者支付的价格和卖者收到的价格之间打入一个楔子。 Because of this tax wedge, the quantity sold falls below the level that would be sold without a tax. 因为这个税收楔子，销售量下降到没有税收是的销售水平之下。 The size of the market for that good shrinks 这个商品的市场规模因之萎缩。 Tax Revenue T = the size of the tax Q = the quantity of the good sold T?Q = the government’s tax revenue Tax Revenue... Price 0 Quantity Quantity without tax Supply Demand Price sellers receive Quantity with tax Size of tax (T) Quantity sold (Q) Tax Revenue (T x Q) Price buyers pay How a Tax Affects Welfare... Quantity 0 Price Demand Supply Q1 A B C F D E Q2 Tax reduces consumer surplus by (B+C) and producer surplus by (D+E) Tax revenue = (B+D) Deadweight Loss = (C+E) Price buyers pay = PB P1 Price without tax = PS Price sellers receive = Changes in Welfare from a Tax Without Tax With Tax Change Consumer Surplus A + B + C A - (B + C) Producer Surplus D + E + F F - (D + E) Tax Revenue none B + D + (B + D) Total Surplus A + B + C + D + E + F A + B + D + F - (C + E ) The area C+E shows the fall in total surplus is the deadweight loss of the tax. How a Tax affects welfare税收如何影响福利 The change in total welfare includes: 总得福利变化包括： The change in consumer surplus. 消费者剩余的变化 The change in producer surplus. 生产者剩余的变化 The change in tax revenue. 税收总额的变化 The losses to buyers and sellers exceed the revenue raise by the gover