化学英语讲义.pptVIP

一、 The nature of gases 1. General properties of gases CO carbon monoxide odorless, poisonous NH3 ammonia pungent odor, poisonous PH3 phosphine terrible odor, very poisonous CH4 methane odorless, flammable C2H2 acetylene mild odor, flammable HCl hydrogen chloride choking odor, harmful and poisonous SO2 Sulfur dioxide suffocating odor, irritating to eyes, poisonous NO2 Nitrogen dioxide red brown, irritating odor, very poisonous 2. Kinetic-molecular theory of gases The average kinetic energy of gas molecules The absolute temperature of the gas directly proportional idea gas The molecules of every gas have the same average kinetic energy at any given temperature Lower mass molecules moving faster Collisions with each other and with the walls of the container are elastic 二、 Volume, pressure, and temperature relationship Charles’ law: at constant pressure the volume of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. V1/T1=V2/T2 Combined into a single expression: for a fixed mass of gas, P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2 Boyle’s law: at constant temperature the volume of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure upon the gas. P1V1=P2V2 三、Mass, molecular, and molar relationships 1.Avogadro’s law at same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gas contain equal numbers of molecules. eg. A flask contains 0.116 mol of nitrogen at a given temperature and pressure. Under the same temperature and pressure conditions, a 6.25 l flask contains 1.522 mole of nitrogen. What is the volume of the first flask? V1=n1(V2/n2) =(0.116mol)(6.25 l/1.522mol) =0.476 l 2. Molar Volume Standard molar volume: the volume of one mole of a substance at standard temperature(273.15K) and pressure(1 atm) eg. A pure gas containing 92.3% carbon and 7.7% hydrogen has a density of 16 g/L at STP. What is the molecular formula of the gas? (a) Find the simplest formula.