flux电通量.pptVIP

* Gauss’ law (chap. 23) In principle one can simply apply the Coulomb’s law and find out the electrostatic field generated by any charge distributions. But it may be a very complex task for many situations. However, for certain charge distributions involving symmetry, we can save far more work by using a law called Gauss’ law, developed by C.F. Gauss (1777-1855). To begin with, we need to learn about the idea of electric flux電通量 . consider the case of a uniform air stream flow through a square area. if the velocity vector of the air makes an angle with the loop, the volume flow rate (i.e. the volume of air flow through the loop per unit time) is given by: This is an example of flux. Using a vector notation for area A, its direction is the normal the area A. Then the flux can be rewritten as: For the case of electric field, the flux is simply the electric field passes through a certain area A. if we are considering a small area ΔA, the flux passes through it is Note that ΔΦ can be positive, negative or zero depends on the direction of the vectors. For an imaginary surface, which we call Gaussian surface, the total flux passes through the whole surface will the sum of all ΔΦ: or more accurately It is surface integral which takes all over the whole closed surface. Note that the flux is a scalar and has an unit of Nm2/C. Since the number of electric field lines is proportional to the electric field density, the electric flux through a Gaussian surface is then proportional to the net number of field lines passing through that surface. The total flux on the left side of the Gaussian surface shown here is negative while those on the right side is positive. The total flux through this surface is in fact equal to zero. To compute this integral is in general difficult , but for surfaces with high symmetry, it becomes a simple task. surface integral on surface a Note that dA and E is always perpendicular to each other on the surface b, therefore the surface integr