ChapterSixLanguageContact语言接触.pptVIP

Unit 5 Languages in Contact ◆ Bilingualism and Bilingual Competence ◆ Multilingualism and Diglossia ◆ Code-switching and Code-mixing ◆ Pidgins and Creoles ◆ Language Loyalty and Language Right ◆ Language Politics and Ethnic Identity ◆ Endangered languages Bi-lingualism : a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation. Bilingualism, therefore, simply means having two languages (and bilingualism is often used in the literature to mean the same as multilingualism, that is, having more than two languages). Bilinguals can be ranged along a continuum from the rare equilingual who is indistinguishable from a native speaker in both languages at one end to the person who has just begun to acquire a second language at the other end. They are all bilinguals but possessing different degrees of bilingualism. A monolingual (also called a unilingual or monoglot) is thus someone who knows only one language. Diglossia (双言制): a term first introduced by Ferguson in 1959 to refer to a linguistic situation in which two very different varieties of a language co-exist for different purposes and in different situations, one being more standard and higher and used for more formal matters, and the other being less prestigious and used for colloquial situations. （指一个言语社团同时使用两种不同变体的现象。两种变体在一定程度上接近标准语，各有一定的使用域） Bernard Spolsky, 1998, Sociolinguistics, 63-64, Oxford University Press In colonial situations, for instance, the language of the government takes on many of the attributes of an H language, while the various vernaculars fit the definition of an L language. A classic case is Paraguay, where Spanish is the H variety (used in literacy, education, and government, and associated with city life) and Guarani is the vernacular, spoken in the villages and used in the cities as a mark of informality and Paraguayan identity. Diglossia refers to a society that ha