管理学原理Ch6 Planning.pptVIP

Chapter 6 FOUNDATIONSOF PLANNING What: Who: Where: When : How Learning Objectives: – Define planning and distinguish among the different types of plans – Explain why managers plan – How do managers plan – Contemporary issues in planning 1 What Is Planning? Planning – involves defining the organization’s goals, establishing an overall strategy, and developing a comprehensive set of plans to integrate and coordinate organizational work – informal planning - nothing is written down ? little or no sharing of goals ? general and lacking in continuity – formal planning – written and made available to organization members ? defines specific goals ? specific action programs exist to achieve goals 2. Why Do Managers Plan? Planning determines where the organization is now and where it will be in the future. Good planning provides: Sense of direction purpose: Planning sets goals and strategies for all managers. `Would you tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here? `That depends a good deal on where you want to get to, said the Cat. `I dont much care where-- said Alice. `Then it doesnt matter which way you go, said the Cat. Coordination: Plans provide all parts of the firm with understanding about how their systems fit with the whole. Reduce overlapping and wasteful activities Reduce uncertainty control Planning and Performance – generally speaking, formal planning is associated with: ? higher profits ? higher return on assets – quality of the planning process and the appropriate implementation of the plans probably contribute more to high performance than does the extent of planning – external environment may undermine the effects of formal planning – planning/performance relationship is influenced by the planning time frame 鲁滨逊的梯子 鲁滨逊孤身生活在荒岛上，终日为生存而奋斗。唯一的食物来源，就是岛上的一片果树林。他必须从这棵树爬到那棵树，来来回回地折腾8小时，才能收集到足够当天吃的食物。 这样劳累了一段时期，鲁滨逊发现，比起徒手采摘，做一根采摘棒，能省很多力气—每天只要6个小时就够了。他算了算帐：做一个采摘棒需要8个小时，如果花一整天来做，就意味着之前要积攒一天的食物，如果用4天，每天就要多干2小时的活。不过，做好之后每天都可以多休息2小时，还