09级第七章词义变化（新） .ppt

第七章 词义的变化 词义变化的方式 1.词义的扩大 2.词义的缩小 3.词义的升格P122 4.词义的降格 5.委婉语 Euphemism P123 英文euphemism（委婉语）一词系源自希腊语。词头“eu-”的意思是“good”（好），词干“phemism”的意思是“speech”（言语），整个字面意义是“word of good omen”（吉言）或（好的说法） Euphemism-------a figure of speech, a round way to say something, or to use good words to express something unpleasant Some examples Senior citizens are respected in our country． There are several pensioners in my school． These special men support their family by themselves Take ‘death’for example 如：to go West，to pass away，to be gone，to be at rest，to be in Heaven，to fall asleep，to breathe ones last，to be in Abrahams bosom，to go to see Confucius，to have the curse，to shake the dew off the lily 1. He worked until he breathed his last． 2.The child is now in Abrahams bosom．(heart of sb.) 3. His grandfather was gone last night with all his family at his dying bed 委婉语也同样出现在教育生活中 Underachievers是学习上一无建树的学生，他们是exceptional students，成绩差的学生是 below average student或working on his own level，而can do better with help则指反应比较迟钝的学生。学生上课是参加classroom learning experience，学生考试作弊则冠以to depend on others to do his ／her work。 词义的变化方式 1.The shift of meaning 词从“字面意义”(literal meaning)转移到“比喻意义”。(figurative meaning)指的事物类别完全不同了，词义发生了转移，词义的转移是词义变化的重要方式。 词义的转移方式：(从修辞学方面讲，应称为修辞方法) See P. 128 词义的转移Different types of rhetorical devices 隐喻：Metaphor----a figure of speech, it is the comparison of two objects without using words “like, as ,as if ”. 隐喻是以相似和联想为基础的。它不直接提出本体与喻体相比，而是巧妙地通过人们熟悉的形象、特征、动作或哲理去暗示人们尚不熟悉或不易把握的对象。It differs from the simile .而明喻也是以相似和联想为基础的。它直接提出本体与喻体相比，用 as, as if, as though , like etc. 来表示。 Examples of simile: e.g. as busy as a bee as cunning as a fox as timid as a hare as strong as a horse as cool as a cucumber as quiet as a mouse Examples of metaphor: e.g.1. A The news is as a dagger to his heart. B. The news is a dagger to his heart. 2. A. John fought like a loin. B. John was a lion in the battle. 3. A. Learning is like climbing up a mountain. B. Learning is climbing