24 生活费用衡量 .ppt

MEASURING THE COST OF LIVING * 美国的真实利率和名义利率：1950-2007 0 内容提要 消费物价指数是生活费用的一种衡量指标，衡量普通消费者购买的一篮子物品与服务的费用 用CPI来进行生活费用调整和校正通货膨胀影响的经济变量 真实利率是经过通货膨胀校正的利率，等于名义利率减去通货膨胀率  * * This chapter can probably be covered in 1-1.5 class sessions. It would be helpful if your students had calculators so they can compute a CPI example and an example of using the CPI to compare dollar figures from different years. * * Suggestion: Show students the data in the first three columns of the table. Before showing them the cost of basket calculations, tell them to take 3 minutes to compute the cost of the basket in each of the three years, and use those results to compute the value of the CPI in each of the three years. Then, show the rest of the slide. Or, you can just cruise through this example, but tell them to pay close attention because in a few moments they will have to compute a similar example. * Part A is not difficult but requires an intermediate step: students must compute the cost of the basket in 2005 to find the CPI in 2005. Part B has two intermediate steps: computing the cost of the basket in 2006, then computing the CPI in 2006. * * This slide replicates Figure 1 from the textbook. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, /cpi/ This graph shows just a few highly aggregated categories. A more detailed breakdown is available at the BLS website: look for “Relative Importance of Components in the Consumer Price Index” there. * Students understand substitution bias better if they work a concrete example like the one on this slide. Before displaying the questions (A + B), you might want to ask your class why households bought different quantities of beef and chicken in 2006 than they did in 2005. Or if that seems too easy, just mention before displaying questions A and B that households are responding to the change in relative prices: beef has become a lot more expensive relative to chicken, so households buy less beef and more chicken. * This is j