POPULATION PRINCIPLES人口学原理.pptVIP

OUTLINE Population Characteristics 种群特征 Population Growth Curve 种群生长曲线 Carrying Capacity 环境容纳量 Reproductive Strategies 繁殖策略 (R and K) Human population growth Chinese Population Food Issues POPULATION CHARATERISTICS种群特征 Population - Group of individuals inhabiting the same area at same time. Natality and Mortality 出生率，死亡率 Natality - Number of individuals added through reproduction High-seeds, low-large animals Birth Rate (Humans born / 1000/a) Mortality - Number of individuals removed via death Death Rate (Humans Died / 1000/a) Survivorship curve Sex Ratio - Age Distribution Sex Ratio 性比- Relative number of males and females in a population. Change with age. human: 106/100 - 1:1- fewer male Age Distribution - Number of individuals of each age in a pop. Tells HOW a pop will grow Fig. Population Age Structure Diagrams Pop. Density and Spatial Distribution 种群密度与空间分布 Reason of Disperse Plants: passive disperse by wind, water and animals Animals:active disperse for Natural resources Inter-competition Env. Contamination Climate change, disaster Emigration - Out movement Immigration - In Movement Migration – 迁移 Population Growth Curve Biotic Potential - Reproductive capacity 繁殖潜力 Generally, biotic potential is much above replacement level 更替水平. All living populations follow an exponential growth curve 对数增长曲线. Lag phase 迟滞期: growth and mature take time Exponential phase 对数生长期:first batch of young reaches sexual mature, produce together with parents Stable equilibrium 稳定期: death rate equal birth rate Individuals are changing Indication: increase in the death rate followed by a decline in the birth rate. Why? No birth control. Carrying Capacity 环境容纳量/承载力 Carrying Capacity - Number of individuals of a species than can be indefinitely sustained in a given area. Four main factors: Raw material availibility Energy availability Waste accumulation and disposal - small ecosystem, death phase: decline in population size Organism interaction Questions Break List three c