第二章Morphology形态学[精品].ppt

* Jones: An Outline of English Phonetics (1918) Black: IPA Red: English * * The description of English vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low); the position of the highest part of the tongue (front, central, back); the length or tenseness of the vowel (tense vs. lax or long vs. short), and lip-rounding (rounded vs. unrounded). * We can now describe the English vowels in this way: [??] high front tense unrounded vowel [?] high back lax rounded vowel [?] mid central lax unrounded vowel [?] low back lax rounded vowel * 3. Phonology 3.1 Phonology and phonetics Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sound, but they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature, while phonology is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language. * Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to ‘discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur’. In phonology we normally begin by analyzing an individual language, say English, in order to determine its phonological structure, i.e. which sound units are used and how they are put together. Then we compare the properties of sound systems in different languages in order to make hypotheses about the rules that underlie the use of sounds in them, and ultimately we aim to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages. * 3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone Phone: a phonetic unit or segment; a phone does not necessarily distinguish meaning; Phoneme: a phonological unit, abstract and of distinctive value; Allophone: the different phones that represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment. * Phone Phone can be defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. Phone is the realization of phoneme, it is concrete, while phoneme is abstract. * The word ‘phoneme’ simply refers to a ‘unit of expli