微生物8 细菌感染检查方法与防治原则 .pptVIP

* ★The Gram reaction The Gram reaction is named after the Danish physician, Christian Gram, who developed this staining technique in 1884. It involves a series of simple steps. 1.??? Bacterial cells are dried onto a glass slide and stained with crystal violet, then washed briefly in water. 2.??? Iodine solution is added so that the iodine forms a complex with crystal violet in the cells. 3.??? Alcohol or acetone is added to solubilise the crystal violet - iodine complex. 4.??? The cells are counterstained with safranin, then rinsed and dried for microscopy. The method separates bacteria into two types. Gram-positive cells retain the crystal violet-iodine complex and thus appear purple (shown for Bacillus cereus in the left-hand image below). Gram-negative cells are decolourised by the alcohol or acetone treatment, but are then stained with safranin so they appear pink (shown for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the right-hand image below). Thus, the essential difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells is their ability to retain the crystal violet-iodine complex when treated with a solvent. ★his difference in staining reflects a fundamental difference in the organisation of the bacterial cell wall or cell envelope, shown in highly simplified form below. C.Gram，1884年创立，是最重要的染色法。革兰氏染色的原理:从上图可知， 甲、乙两种细菌经结晶紫初染后，分别染上了紫色，经碘液媒染，结晶紫与碘液形成了分子量较大的复合物，在乙醇脱色时，凡是染上的紫色容易被脱掉的细胞又成为无色菌体（如乙菌），反之则仍为紫色（如甲菌）。最后再用红色染料——沙黄复染，结果甲菌仍然维持最初染上的紫色，而乙菌则被复染而成红色，前者称为革兰氏阳性细菌，简称G+菌，后者则称为革兰氏阴性细菌，简称G-菌。革兰氏染色是细菌分类鉴定的重要指标，通过革兰氏染色，可以将几乎所有细菌分成革兰氏阳性细菌和革兰氏阴性细菌两大类。这两大类细菌在细胞结构、成分、形态、生理、生化、遗传、免疫、生态和药物敏感性等方面都呈现出明显的差异，因此任何细菌只要先通过很简单的革兰氏染色，即可提供不少其他重要的生物学特性方面的信息。 Gram, who invented the gram-staining method in 1884. To gram stain, an investigator smears a sample of bacteria on a slide, soaks it in a violet dye and then treats it with iodine. The slide is then rinsed with alcohol and counterstained with a pink dye called safranine. The cell walls of gram-negative bacteria have a very low affinity for the v