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外文文献翻译 Steel Connections 1 General In the design of a steel structural system connections are often relegated to a secondary status when compared to the selection and arrangement of the main structural elements. Connection design is easily oversimplified which can lead to, on opposite ends of the design consideration spectrum, unsafe conditions and member inefficiencies (Thornton 1995). While the function of steel connections is fundamentally to serve as a load conduit from intersecting components of a structural system, achieving this transfer while taking into account all geometrical, strength, and serviceability considerations can prove quite complex. Ultimately a connection design will comprise connection elements (angles, structural tees, gusset plates, etc.) and a means of fastening them to the intersecting members: bolts, welds, or some combination of the two. However a clear understanding of the properties interaction, and function of every constituent element is essential to the design and application of any connection, rendering many connections anything but “typical”. Steel connections can be categorized in several ways depending on their intended.function, geometry, or method in which they are employed. Generally, connections can be separated into tension, compression, or framing shear types, with several subsets of each.Tension connections often manifest themselves as splices or hanger types, while compression connections are generally found when splicing or anchoring columns. Framing connections refer to beam-to-column or beam-to-girder web connections. AISC (1999) defines two classifications of framing connections: partially restrained (PR), and fully restrained (FR). PR (pinned) or simple shear connections are intended to carry only the end reaction of the beam and are assumed to provide no rotational resistance, or in other words they exhibit infinite flexibility. FR and PR (moment) connections are moment resisting and, as their names indicate, refe