ch1 physical properties and classification 1（2014).ppt

* 当土中含水量增加，吸附在颗粒周围的水膜加厚，土粒周围除强结合水外还有弱结合水。弱结合水不能自由流动，但受力时可以变形，此时土体受外力作用可以被捏成任意形状，外力取消后仍保持改变后的形状，这种状态称为塑态。当土中含水量继续增加，土中除结合水外已有相当数量的水处于电场引力范围外，这时，土体不能受剪应力，呈现流动状态。实质上，土的稠度就是反应土体的含水量。 土从一种状态转变成另一种状态的界限含水量，称为稠度界限。工程上常用的稠度界限有液限和塑限。国际上称为阿太堡界限（Aterberg Limit）。 Expansive soil, ?Collapsible Loess * Abscissa, * photoelectric * * we should get good understanding about the soil structure. * Ministry of Water Resources, * The state of the particles can be described as dense, medium dense or loose, depending on how they are packed together. 1.4.2 Structure of Coarse-Grained Soils Group1: soils with angular grains loose dense (蜂窝结构) 四方形压实结构 六角星形压实结构 Group 2: soils with round grains single grain(单粒结构) The state of the particles can be described as dense, medium dense or loose, depending on how they are packed together. 1.4.3 Structure of fine-Grained Soils 1.5 soil classification Different soils have significantly different engineering properties, it is necessary to make a classification for different soils. Requirement： 建筑地基基础设计规范(GB 50007-2002)分类法 水利部土工试验规程(SL 237-1999)分类法 Classification should reflect the physical and mechanical properties of soils. 岩土工程勘察规范(GB 50021-2001)分类法 rock gravelly soil Sand silt clay 1.5 Soil classification Code for soil tests for hydropower and water conservancy? Code for design of building foundations? Code for investigation of geotechnical engineering gravelly soil碎石土 漂石 块石 粒径大于200mm的颗粒超过全质量50% 卵石 碎石 圆砾 角砾 粒径大于20mm的颗粒超过全质量50% 粒径大于2mm的颗粒超过全质量50% Boulder Block stone Pebble broken stone Soil name content of grain size group Round gravel Angle gravel Sand 砂土 土的名称 粒组含量 粒径大于2mm的颗粒占全质量25 -- 50% 砾砂 粗砂 中砂 细砂 粉砂 粒径大于0.5mm的颗粒超过全质量50% 粒径大于0.25mm的颗粒超过全质量50% 粒径大于0.075mm的颗粒超过全质量85% 粒径大于0.075mm的颗粒超过全质量50% silt粉土 粒径粒径大于0.075mm的颗粒含量小于全质量50%大于0.075mm的颗粒含量小于全质量50%而塑性指数Ip≤10的土 粒径大于0.075mm的颗粒含量小于全质量50%塑性指数,且Ip10的土 Clay粘性土 10Ip≤17的土 Ip17的土 粘土 粉质粘土 水利部土工试验规程(SL 237-1999)分类法 分类步骤： * Clay minerals exhibit colloidal colloidal胶