心理学导论Chapter7StatesofConsciousness.pptVIP

Chapter 7 States of Consciousness What is consciousness? In every science there are concepts so fundamental they are impossible to define Biology— life Physics— matter energy Psychology… Waking Consciousness Consciousness is our awareness of ourselves and our environment Psychologists have long explored ~ Eagerly—ψ as “the description and explanation of states of ~ Warily— behaviorism Now with renewed vigor— advance in neuroscience made it possible to relate brain activity to various mental states Electroencephalograph EEG Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT or CT) Scans Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomograph (PET) Scans Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Levels of Information Processing Subconsciousness information processing occurs simultaneously on many parallel tracks Consciousness information processing take place in sequence (serially) Wonderful analogy in textbook (pp.208-209, 98) Daydreams and Fantasies Fantasy-prone personality Adaptive value of daydreaming Helps us to prepare future events Enhance the creativity (for children) Feeds social and cognitive development Substitute for impulsive behavior Circadian rhythm — the biological clock, regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occurs 24-hours cycle Jet lag—disturbed body rhythms caused by repaid travel east or west The Rhythm of Sleep About every 90 or 100 minutes we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages Awake but relaxed state — alpha wave Stage 1 ~ — (light sleep,2 minutes). Theta waves prominent, brain wave slow further and show the irregular waves Stage 2~—(relax more deeply,20 minutes) periodic appearance of sleep spindles Stage 3~ —( a few minutes) brain emits large, slow delta waves Stage 4~—( 30 minutes) slow-wave sleep Repaid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep About 10 minutes Heart rate—rises Breathing—becomes rapid and irregular Eye—move rapidly every half minutes or so …… Paradoxical sleep — dream Why Do We Sleep? Some sleep-loss e