数据库系统概念5英文原版课件ch8.pptVIP

Copyright: Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan Chapter 8: Application Design and Development Chapter 8: Application Design and Development User Interfaces and Tools Most database users do not use a query language like SQL. Forms Graphical user interfaces Report generators Data analysis tools (see Chapter 18) Many interfaces are Web-based Back-end (Web server) uses such technologies as Java servlets Java Server Pages (JSP) Active Server Pages (ASP) A formatted report Triggers A trigger is a statement that is executed automatically by the system as a side effect of a modification to the database. To design a trigger mechanism, we must: Specify the conditions under which the trigger is to be executed. Specify the actions to be taken when the trigger executes. Triggers introduced to SQL standard in SQL:1999, but supported even earlier using non-standard syntax by most databases. Trigger Example Suppose that instead of allowing negative account balances, the bank deals with overdrafts by setting the account balance to zero creating a loan in the amount of the overdraft giving this loan a loan number identical to the account number of the overdrawn account The condition for executing the trigger is an update to the account relation that results in a negative balance value. Trigger Example in SQL:1999 create trigger overdraft-trigger after update on account referencing new row as nrow for each rowwhen nrow.balance 0begin atomic insert into borrower  (select customer-name, account-number from depositor where nrow.account-number =  depositor.account-number); insert into loan values (n.row.account-number, nrow.branch-name,  – nrow.balance); update account set balance = 0 where account.account-number = nrow.account-numberend Triggering Events and Actions in SQL St