[国家级精品课程]物理化学双语课件2-1-chapter2Entropy-concept-Eng.ppt

Conclusion from Carnot cycle: 卡诺循环的结论 In Carnot cycle: the sum of ratios of heat-temperature of different stage is nil （热温商总和零） 。 Property of Entropy (熵的性质） In Carnot cycle ，the sum of ratios of heat to temperature is nil（零） 。 The structure of a Carnot cycle. 2). The entropy as a state function The total change in entropy around the closed cycle is: since then The structure of a Carnot cycle. Entropy - The entropy as a state function Q Q （图片来自网站） Question 2 : How about the ratio of heat-temperature in a general reversible cycle ? A thermodynamic cycle; the overall change in a state function is zero. Property of Entropy (熵的性质） In the limit of infinitesimal （微小） cycles, the non-canceling edges of the Carnot cycles match the overall cycle exactly; the sum becomes an integral（积分）. This result implies that dS is an exact differential and S is state function. 2). The entropy as a state function a general reversible cycle Property of Entropy (熵的性质） （边界） The total differential is divided into two parts: A general reversible process Property of Entropy (熵的性质） A general reversible process Entropy (熵) So: Entropy is a state function ! Question 3: How about the relationship between following two formula ? Entropy (熵) 初末态相同时，可逆过程热与不可逆过程热有什么关系？ 3) The Clausius inequality（克劳修斯不等式） Entropy（熵） A general cycle any reversible cycle ? Irreversible process A general cycle —— Clausius inequality （克劳修斯不等式） A cycle: irreversible process + reversible process 3) The Clausius inequality （克劳修斯不等式） A general Process: ir r 3) The Clausius inequality （克劳修斯不等式） An irreversible process: 初末态相同时，可逆过程热与不可逆过程热有什么关系？ —— Clausius inequality （克劳修斯不等式） An infinitesimal process （无限小的过程）： ir r 3) The Clausius inequality （克劳修斯不等式） For the closed system（对于封闭体系）: 0 irreversible （不可逆） 0 impossible （不可能） 3）. The Clausius inequality 0 spontaneous（自发） 0 impossible （不可能） = 0 equilibrorus （平衡，可逆）） 3）. The Clausius inequality For the isolated system (孤