VolcanoesandOtherIgneousactivity火山岩英语课件.ppt

Volcanoes and Other Igneous ActivityChapter 4 Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, 7e The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Factors determining the “violence” or explosiveness of a volcanic eruption Composition of the magma Temperature of the magma Dissolved gases in the magma The above three factors actually control the viscosity of a given magma which in turn controls the nature of an eruption The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Viscosity is a measure of a material’s resistance to flow (e.g., Higher viscosity materials flow with great difficulty) Factors affecting viscosity Temperature - Hotter magmas are less viscous Composition - Silica (SiO2) content Higher silica content = higher viscosity (e.g., felsic lava such as rhyolite) The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Factors affecting viscosity continued Lower silica content = lower viscosity or more fluid-like behavior (e.g., mafic lava such as basalt) Dissolved Gases Gas content affects magma mobility Gases expand within a magma as it nears the Earth’s surface due to decreasing pressure The violence of an eruption is related to how easily gases escape from magma The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Factors affecting viscosity continued In Summary Fluid basaltic lavas generally produce quiet eruptions Highly viscous lavas (rhyolite or andesite) produce more explosive eruptions Materials extruded from a volcano Lava Flows Basaltic lavas are much more fluid Types of basaltic flows Pahoehoe lava (resembles a twisted or ropey texture) Aa lava (rough, jagged blocky texture) Dissolved Gases One to six percent of a magma by weight Mainly water vapor and carbon dioxide A Pahoehoe lava flow A Typical aa flow Materials extruded from a volcano Pyroclastic materials – “Fire fragments” Types of pyroclastic debris Ash and dust - fine, glassy fragments Pumice - porous rock from “frothy” lava Lapilli - walnut-sized material Cinders - pea-sized material Particles larger tha