国外社会心理学1课件4.pptVIP

Chapter 4 Attitudes: Evaluating the Social World Chapter Outline Attitude Formation Attitude Functions Link Between Attitudes and Behavior Persuasion Cognitive Dissonance Attitudes Attitudes—evaluations of various aspects of the social world The study of attitudes is a major topic within the field of social psychology. They represent a very basic component of social cognition. They often influence behavior, especially when they are strong, accessible, and long-standing. Attitude Formation How Attitudes Develop Social Learning—the process through which people acquire new information, forms of behavior, or attitudes from other persons Three learning processes are important to the development of attitudes. Classical Conditioning—learning in which one stimulus becomes a signal for the presentation of another stimulus (learning by association) Subliminal Conditioning—classical conditioning of attitudes by exposure to stimuli that are below individuals’ threshold of conscious awareness Attitude Formation How Attitudes Develop Instrumental Conditioning—learning in which responses (e.g., attitudes) that lead to positive outcomes or which avoid negative outcomes are strengthened Observational Learning—learning in which individuals acquire new forms of behavior (e.g., attitudes) as a result of observing others Media exposure can influence attitude formation. Third-Person Effect—the impact of media exposure on others’ attitudes and behaviors is overestimated and the impact on the self is underestimated Social Comparison to people that are liked also plays a role in learning attitudes from others and people learn attitudes from those they like and respect. Attitude Functions Attitude formation is a basic cognitive process that can be viewed as almost automatic. Mere Exposure People form attitudes toward things that they have seen before, but do not necessarily remember seeing. Attitudes serve many functions. The Knowledge Function—attitudes aid in the interpretation o