interpreting the whoqol-brèf preliminary population norms and effect sizes.Image.Marked.pdf
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interpreting the whoqol-brèf preliminary population norms and effect sizes.Image.Marked
Social Indicators Research (2006) 77:37–59 Springer 2006
DOI 10.1007/s11205-005-5552-1
GRAEME HAWTHORNE, HELEN HERRMAN and BARBARA MURPHY
`
INTERPRETING THE WHOQOL-BREF: PRELIMINARY
POPULATION NORMS AND EFFECT SIZES
(Accepted 1 November 2005)
ABSTRACT. Since publication use of the WHOQOL-Bref has rapidly risen. However, as yet`
no population norms have been published as a reference point against which researchers can
interpret their findings. This study provides preliminary population norms for this purpose.
Randomly sampled community residents from two studies were pooled and used to examine the
properties of the WHOQOL-Bref by age group, gender and health status. The results showed`
that general norms for the WHOQOL-Bref domains were 73.5 (SD=18.1) for the Physical`
health domain, 70.6 (14.0) for Psychological wellbeing, 71.5 (18.2) for Social relationships and
75.1 (13.0) for the Environment domain. In general scores declined slightly by age group. For
females scores were stable across the lifespan with an accelerated decline after the age of
60 years. Males exhibited a more consistent and even decline across the lifespan. There were
significant differences in WHOQOL-Bref scores when reported by health status, with those in`
poor health obtaining scores that were up to 50% lower than those in excellent health. Effect
sizes between different health status levels are reported. These preliminary norms and effect sizes
may be used as reference points for interpreting WHOQOL-Bref scores. They provide addi-`
tional information to the numerous national studies already reporting on the validity of the
WHOQOL-Bref.`
KEY WORDS: effect sizes, population norms, profile health status instruments, quality of life
measurement, W
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