第1章_等离子体基本知识.ppt

第一章 等离子体 内 容 基本概念 气体分子运动理论 等离子体参数 等离子体形成方法 1. 基本概念 1.1 物质的几种基本状态 Solids: Matters consisting of molecules and atoms with very high levels of arrangement Mobility of atoms and molecules is very limited. Liquids: Matters consisting of atoms or molecules with closed arrangements, There may exist crystalline arrangements of particles in small complexes within a range of nm Characterized with easiness of mobility. Gases: Systems of atoms or molecules behaving as free entities. The matters in the gaseous phase at the normal conditions are called gases. Other matters passing into the gaseous phase by increasing temperature or pressure drop are called vapors. Plasma: A physical system consisting of neutrals, molecules, atoms, excited particles, ions, electrons and electromagnetic radiation. 1.2 粒子的种类 Molecule the smallest unit of matter that can exist by itself and retain all its chemical properties. In a molecule a group of atoms are held together by chemical forces. Atom previously understood as indivisible piece of matter first postulated by the Greeks, but known to be composed of nucleus circled by electrons. Nucleus a heavy positively charged center of the atom, composed of protons and neutrons. More than 100 types of nuclear particle have been discovered up to now. Electron a small negatively charged particle that normally circles the nucleus of an atom. Proton massive positively charged particle that is the nucleus of the hydrogen atom. Neutron a particle of approximately the same mass as proton, but uncharged. Outside the nucleus a neutron can not exist alone; It is unstable and will decay into proton and an electron. Ion an atom or molecule that by loss or gain of one or more electrons has acquired a net charge. Loss of electrons results in a positive ion, gain of electron results in a negative ion. 2. 气体分子运动理论 3. 等离子体 Collision： Reaction Cross Section Excitation and Ionization Excitation and ionization by an el