光学教程(第四版）.pptVIP

拍摄原子运动的照片 平面透镜会聚光束 螺旋形的反射光 Two Main Goals for the Development of X-Ray Lasers 1. Lasing action at a wavelength as short as possible Invention of maser at microwave in 1954 Invention of laser at infra red and visible light range in 1960 Theoretical ideas about laser at X-rays in 1960 Experimental observation of X-ray lasers in 1984 First saturated operation of X-ray lasers at 19.6 nm in 1992 First saturated operation at a wavelength shorter than 10 nm in 1996 Saturated x-ray laser at 5.8 nm in 1997, approaching the water window Two Main Goals for the Development of X-Ray Lasers 2. X-ray lasers driven by smaller drivers with higher repetition rate OFI/Recombination Pumping X-ray Lasers in 1993 Capillary Discharge X-ray lasers in 1994 OFI/Collisional Pumping x-ray laser in 1995 Table-top x-ray laser, more efficiency Saturated x-ray lasers produced using several J Longitudinal pumping and grazing incidence pumping Saturated operation of x-ray laser at 18.9 nm using 150mJ at 10 Hz Power PW TW GW MW KW 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Free running (?s) Limit set by (n0 + n2I) Mode-locked (ps) Q switch (ns) 啁啾放大技术 近十几年激光功率增强了百万倍以上 2005: Glauber: quantum theory of optical coherence Hall and Hansch: development of laser-based precision spectroscopy 2001: Cornell, Ketterle and Weimann: BEC atom laser 2000: Alferov, Kroemer - semiconductor laser 1999: Zewail: femtosecond laser chemistry 1997: Chu, Cohen-Tannoudji Phillips: laser atom traps 1981: Bloembergen and Shawlow: laser spectroscopy 1963: Townes, Basov Prokhorov: LASERs 1921: Einstein: photoelectric effect 与激光有关的诺贝尔奖 基于会聚光束形成的光阱对光阱中客体的 光梯度力来束缚及操控客体的运动 F F? r3, nr, δI 定量测定分子的纳米量级移动及皮牛顿量级作用力 特点：把操控与定量测量结合起来 无直接接触，非侵入性，活体测量 光镊的主要指标： 位置分辨: 1nm 测力分辨: ~ 0.1pN 测量时间响应 : 0.3ms 测量范围: 100 pN (Single optical trap)  激光检测原子力显微镜 光镊 激光的历史 1916年，爱因斯坦提出受激辐射。 1953年，汤斯发明Maser, 汤斯、巴索夫和普罗霍罗夫因发明微波激射器和激光器而获1964年