国际经济学 课件chapter10.ppt

CHAPTER 10 Regional Trading Arrangements Types of regional trading arrangements Free-Trade Area — all members of the group remove tariffs on each other’s products, while at the same time each member retains its independence in establishing trading policies with nonmembers. (e.g. NAFTA — the North American Free Trade Area) Types of regional trading arrangements Free-Trade Area Rules of origin — the stipulation by a country that for a product to qualify as an authentic domestically manufactured product, the product must be manufactured predominantly from locally supplied, as opposed to imported, components. Types of regional trading arrangements Customs Union — all tariffs are removed between members and the group adopts a common external commercial policy toward nonmembers. Furthermore, the group acts as one body in the negotiation of all trade agreements with nonmembers. The customs union is a step closer toward economic integration than the FTA. (e.g. EEC —the European Economic Community) Types of regional trading arrangements Common Market — all tariffs are removed between members, a common external trade policy is adopted for nonmembers, and all barriers to factor movements among the member countries are removed. (e.g. EC — the European Community) Types of regional trading arrangements Economic Union — the most comprehensive of the four forms of economic integration is an economic union. It includes all features of a common market but also implies the unification of economic institutions and the coordination of economic policy throughout all member countries. The EU is on a path toward full unity. Impetus for regionalism An expanded regional market can allow economies of large-scale production, foster specialization and learning-by-doing, and attract foreign investment. Smaller nations may seek safe-haven trading arrangements with larger nations when future access to the larger nations’ markets appears uncertain. As new regional trading arrangements are formed,