浙江大学材料热力学与动力学课件_1精选.pptVIP

Chapter 1 : Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams 1-* 1.3.5 Activity Ideal Solutions ?A = GA + RT lnXA ?B = GB + RT lnXB Real Solutions ?A = GA + RT lnaA ?B = GB + RT lnaB A B XB mA mB G GB GA RT lnaA for real solution RT lnaB for real solution G tangent line at XB DGmix Chapter 1 : Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams 1-* Definition of activity coefficient : g = a / X XNi Fe Ni aNi Raoults law Herrys law 1873K Herrys law: gB = aB / XB ? const. Raoults law: gA = aA / XA ? 1 dilute solution of Ni in Fe dilute solution of Fe in Ni Herrys law and Raoults law apply to all solutions when sufficiently dilute Chapter 1 : Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams 1-* XZn Pb Zn aZn 1080K 1180K Raoults law Chapter 1 : Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams 1-* A B b a Near pure A : a phase Near pure B : b phase Solution @ X0 ? X 0 if a1 + b1 a1 b1 Lever Rule amount of a1: amount of b1: Molar free energy of a1 + b1: free energy will be decreased If pure a (or b ) ? a + b 1.4 Equilibrium in Heterogeneous Systems Chapter 1 : Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams 1-* Condition of Equilibrium in a Heterogeneous System A B X 0 b a a1 b1 For alloy X 0 : G0? G0? G1 , (?1+?1) is more stable However, G can be minimized if the alloy consists ?e and ?e be ae P Q What are point P and Q ? P, Q are two common tangent points on both G curves for alloy between and Ge on the common tangent is minimum Chapter 1 : Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams 1-* Heterogeneous Equilibrium Condition of Equilibrium in a Heterogeneous System —— continue : about the common tangent line A B a P and : Chemical potentials of component A and B in a phase with the composition of and : Chemical potentials of component A and B in b phase with the composition of b Q Chapter 1 : Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams 1-* 1.5.1 A Simple Phase Diagram A B T L S A and B are completely miscible in both the solid and liquid states and are both are ideal solutions, such as Si-Ge, Au-Ag systems. T1 T1: GL