acetyl-coaacetyl-coa硫醇酶乙醯乙醯辅酶ahmg-辅酶a合成酶β-羟基.ppt

* FIGURE 21.20 Production of phosphatidylethanolamine in eukaryotes. FIGURE 21.21 The interconversion of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine in mammals. * * FIGURE 21.22 The biosynthesis of sphingolipids. When ceramides are formed, they can react (a) with choline to yield sphingomyelins, (b) with sugars to yield cerebrosides, or (c) with sugars and sialic acid to yield gangliosides. * FIGURE 21.23 Outline of the biosynthesis of cholesterol. FIGURE 21.25 The biosynthesis of mevalonate. FIGURE 21.26 The structures of (inactive) lovastatin and synvinolin, (active) mevinolinic acid, and the tetrahedral intermediate in the HMG-CoA reductase mechanism. FIGURE 21.27 The conversion of mevalonate to squalene. FIGURE 21.28 Cholesterol is synthesized from squalene via lanosterol. The primary route from lanosterol involves 20 steps, the last of which converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol. An alternative route produces desmosterol as the penultimate intermediate. FIGURE 21.28 Cholesterol is synthesized from squalene via lanosterol. The primary route from lanosterol involves 20 steps, the last of which converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol. An alternative route produces desmosterol as the penultimate intermediate. FIGURE 21.28 Cholesterol is synthesized from squalene via lanosterol. The primary route from lanosterol involves 20 steps, the last of which converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol. An alternative route produces desmosterol as the penultimate intermediate. * FIGURE 21.29 The synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol. * FIGURE 21.30 The synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol. * * FIGURE 21.31 Schematic diagram of an LDL particle. (From M. S. Brown and J. L. Goldstein, 1984, How LDL Receptors Influence Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis, Sci. Amer. 251 (5), 58–66.) * FIGURE 21.32 The fate of cholesterol in the cell (see page 599). ACAT is the enzyme that esterifies cholesterol for storage. (From M. S. Brown and