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1 Overview We use a finite element model for a line as shown in the figure below. Figure1: Line model The line is divided into a series of line segments which are then modelled by straight massless model segments with a node at each end. The model segments only model the axial and torsional properties of the line. The other properties (mass, weight, buoyancy etc.) are all lumped to the nodes, as indicated by the arrows in the figure above. Nodes and segments are numbered 1,2,3,... sequentially from End A of the line to End B. So segment n joins nodes n and (n+1). Nodes Each node is effectively a short straight rod that represents the two half-segments either side of the node. The exception to this is end nodes, which have only one half-segment next to them, and so represent just one halfsegment. Each line segment is divided into two halves and the properties (mass, weight, buoyancy, drag etc.) of each halfsegment are lumped and assigned to the node at that end of the segment. Forces and moments are applied at the nodes - with the exception that weight can be applied at an offset. Where a segment pierces the sea surface, all the fluid related forces (e.g. buoyancy, added mass, drag) are calculated allowing for the varying wetted length up to the instantaneous water surface level. Segments Each model segment is a straight massless element that models just the axial and torsional properties of the line. A segment can be thought of as being made up of two co-axial telescoping rods that are connected by axial and torsional spring+ dampers. The bending properties of the line are represented by rotational springs+ dampers at each end of the segment, between the segment and the node. The line does not have to have axial symmetry, since different bend stiffness values can be specified for two orthogonal planes of bending. This section has given only an overview of the line model. See structural model for full details. 2 Structural Model Details The following figure give