家国之间——从家训、义庄和乡约现象看宋代士大夫的精神世界-between family and country - a look at the spiritual world of the literati and officialdom in song dynasty from the phenomenon of family precepts, yi zhuang and country covenant.docxVIP
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家国之间——从家训、义庄和乡约现象看宋代士大夫的精神世界-between family and country - a look at the spiritual world of the literati and officialdom in song dynasty from the phenomenon of family precepts, yi zhuang and country covenant
摘要与前代相比,宋代一个突出的现象就是家训蓬勃发展,“义庄”出现且发展迅速,“乡约”产生,并且也呈发展的苗头。笔者试图通过对家训、义庄和乡约现象的分析,来观察宋代士大夫在国家与社会中的角色转换,从而把握在社会深刻变化中他们的精神世界。本文分四个部分进行探讨。第一部分:对宋代的家训、义庄和乡约现象进行分析。宋代家训的发展日益突出,同时又有处于新生状态的义庄和乡约现象,这些都是我们关注社会转型时期乡村社会变化的线索。第二部分:论证宋代士大夫在家与国之间的互动。宋代士大夫不仅重视对自己家庭的治理,而且还把治家的理念推广到所在的家族、家乡,以此来实现对国家和社会的责任。士大夫努力地为国家、家族、家乡的利益精打细算,急切地寻找一种可以依靠的势力,这种势力最稳定的来源就是自己的血缘所在的家族和家乡。范仲淹创立“义庄”和吕大钧兄弟建立“乡约”的事实,就可以说是士大夫渴望建立理想社会秩序的突出事例。他们希望把这些措施能“行之天下”,但是在发展的过程中却遇到重重困难。第三部分:论述宋代士大夫和国家。在宋代社会不稳定因素逐渐增加的情况下,士大夫们也深深地感觉到自己地位的不稳定,更谈不上维系家国之间利益的平衡了。宋代帝王虽然要与士大夫“同治天下”,然而在君臣关系上并没有走出封建社会“君尊臣卑” 的影子,他们对士大夫在精神上进行奴役,让他们自觉地赵宋王朝效力。一旦离开庙堂,士大夫却成了自己的家庭、家族、家乡的领导者。第四部分:探讨宋代士大夫的精神世界。宋代士大夫的精神世界是流浪的、孤独的,十分渴望有一种力量能与他们结盟,作为精神的寄托。他们有远大的理想,但是不得不受世俗社会的制约。宋代士大夫的精神呈现出十分复杂的面貌。游离于权力边缘的孤独,现实与理想的矛盾,种种的心态相互交织,形成了他们在此时的性格,并影响了中国近世的文人。关键词:宋代家训义庄乡约士大夫精神世界AbstractComparedwithpreviousgenerations,aprominentphenomenonintheSongDynastyis theappearanceandrapiddevelopmentoftheFamilymotto,theFreeestateandtheRural convention.Theauthortriedtoobservehowthescholar-officialsintheSongDynasty transformtheirroleinstateandsocietybyanalysistheFamilymotto,theFreeestateandthe Rural convention, and thus to grasp their spiritual world in profound social changes .This article is divided into four parts.ThefirstpartanalysisedtheFamilymotto,theFreeestateandtheRuralconventionof theSongDynasty.ThedevelopmentoftheFamilymottointheSongDynastywasprominent, whilethereappearednewbornFreeestateandRuralconvention,allofwhicharecluesthatwe concern about social transformation in rural during social change.Thesecondpartdiscussedthescholar-officials’interactionbetweenfamilyandcountry intheSongDynasty.Scholar-officialsnotonlyconcernedonthegovernanceoftheirown families,butalsoextendedtotheconceptofgoverninghomeintotheirfamilyandhometown, torealizetheirresponsibilityoncountryandsociety.Scholar-officialsthoughtaboutthe interestcarefullyfortheircountry,familyandhome.Theyhopedanxiouslytofindaforces canrelyon,whilethemoststablesourceoftheforceistheirfamilyandhomewherehis bloodcamefrom.Thefactthat
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