大学英语语法之从句.docVIP

名词从句 名词性从句包括: 主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。 引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括： 1)从属连词that, if, whether；(不做成分) 2)连接代词who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, what, whatever, whose； 3)连接副词where, when, why, how。 （2，3，充当一定的成分） e.g. That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising. The fact is that he didn’t go to the dinner party. I don’t know if he will attend the meeting. Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom? 你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗？（that引导同位语从句） 1） 从属连词whether和if都作“是否……”解，但*****if不可引导主语从句和表语从句。Whether可与or(not)连用，而if不可以。例如： I don’t know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 2） that和what引导名词性从句的区别：that在从句中不充当成分，而what在从句中充当一定的成分，如主语、表语、宾语等。 例如：He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once. 定语从句 引导定语从句的关联词包括： (1)关系代词：that, which, whose, who, whom, as; (2)关系副词：when, where, why。 充当成分 关系代词that/which 充当动词的宾语时，一般可省去。 2. 关系代词的选用比较复杂，它受下列条件的制约： 先行词是指人还是指物； 关系代词在从句中的句法功能； （3）定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的。 3.关系副词的选用相对来说较简单。如先行词为表示时间的名词，如time, day等，则用when，如先先词为表示地点的名词，如place, house, area等，则用where；如先行词为reason，则用why。例如： I’ll never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood. I don’t know the reason why (for which) he did that. 4.当先行词是all, something, nothing等不定代词时；或先行词前有first, last, only, few, much, some, any, no等词修饰时；或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，一般只用that而不用which来引导定语从句。例如： I’ve explained everything (that) I can to you. This is the most beautiful campus (that) I’ve ever been to. 5.先行词也可以是整个句子。这时，一般用which或as来引导定语从句。Which在从句中可充当主语、宾语等，as在从句中一般只充当主语。which与as引导此类定语从句的区别在于：which只能置于句中或句末，而as的位置比较灵活，可置于句中、句末，又可置于句首。例如： Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all. He was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor. As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon (十项全能) at that Olympic Games. 状语从句 1)时间状语从句 a. when, as, while 引导时间状语从句时都可以表示主句的动作与从句的动作同时发生，即同时性。它们的区别在于：when和as引导的状语从句中的动作中以是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的，即瞬