医学英语新教程 王兰英 第一单元 课文原文翻译.docVIP

第一课 细胞结构及细胞转运机制 1 所有的生物都是由细胞和细胞外基质构成的。这种的简单的论述叫做细胞理论，是150年前第一次提出来的。我们可以把这种理论叫做猜测或者假设，有时候也确实如此，但是证据证实了细胞理论的正确性。 All living organisms are made of cells and cell products. This simple statement, called the Cell Theory, was first proposed over 150 years ago. You may think of a theory as a guess or hypothesis, and sometimes this is so. But a theory is actually the best explanation of all the available evidence. All of the evidence science has gathered so far supports the validity of the Cell Theory. 2 细胞是多细胞生物最小活的亚单位，比如人。细胞是复杂的化学排列；是活体；并且进行着特殊的活动。微生物如变形虫、细菌是单细胞生物，其细胞有着独立功能。然而，人类细胞必须相互依赖，共同作用。内环境稳定取决于所有不同类型细胞的作用。Cells are the smallest living subunits of a multicellular organism such as a human being. A cell is a complex arrangement of the chemicals; is living; and carries out specific activities. Microorganisms, such as amoebas and bacteria, are single cells which function independently. Human cells, however, must work together, and function interdependently. Homeostasis depends upon the contributions of all of the different kinds of cells. 3人类细胞在大小、形状和功能上有所不同。大多数人类细胞非常小，以至于借助显微镜才能看到，其测量单位叫微米。人类的卵细胞除外，它的直径为一毫米，用肉眼就能看得见。有一些神经细胞，尽管其直径非常小，但是相当长，他们分布在胳膊和腿上，至少有两英尺长。 Human cells vary in size, shape, and function. Most human cells are so small they can only be seen with the aid of a microscope, and are measured in units called microns. One exception is the human ovum or egg cell, which is about one millimeter in diameter, just visible to the unaided eye. Some nerve cells, although microscopic in diameter, may be quite long. Those in our arms and legs, for example, are at least two feet long. 4关于其形状，人类细胞变化极大，一些是圆的，还有一些是矩形的，其他是不规则形的。而白细胞的形状是随着它的运动而变化的。With respect to shape, human cells vary greatly. Some are round or spherical, others rectangular, still others irregular. White blood cells even change shape as they move. 细胞结构 Cell Structure 5 尽管它们有很多不同之处 ，但是人类细胞有很多相同的结构特征。如，细胞膜、细胞质、细胞器和细胞核。红细胞除外，因为当它们成熟的时候，就没有细胞核。细胞膜形成了细胞的外层，包裹着细胞质、细胞器和细胞核。 Despite their many differences,