有机化学课件第四章 节 含杂原子.pptVIP

Boiling Points Both van der Waals forces and dipole-dipole interaction must be overcome for an alkyl halide to boil. Polarizability indicates the case with which an electron cloud can be distorted. The more polarizable the atom, the stronger the van der Waals interactions. Boiling Points Problem 1 Please explain the following facts: Compounds bp(0C) 2-methylbutanamine 97 N-methyl-2-butanamine 84 N-ethyl-N-methyl-1-ethanamine 65 Boiling Points Problem 2 Please compare the boiling points of ethers, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids, esters, amides of the similar molecular weight. Solubility General Rule: Like dissolves like Each compound containing oxygen or nitrogen has both a nonpolaar alkyl group and a polar functional group. Is it soluble in a nonpolar solvent or is it soluble in water? The answer depends on the size of the alkyl group. Solubility 1) Solubility of ethers in water 2C’s soluble 3C’s soluble 4C’s slightly soluble (10g/100g H2O) 5C’s minimally soluble (1.0g/100g H2O) 6C’s insoluble (0.25g/100g H2O) Solubility 2) Solubility of alkyl halides in water CH3F CH3Cl CH3Br CH3I very soluble slightly slightly CH3CH2F CH3CH2Cl CH3CH2Br CH3CH2F soluble slightly slightly slightly 3C’s F 3C’s Cl 3C’s Br 3C’s I slightly slightly slightly slightly 4.5 有机化合物的酸碱问题 酸碱理论 Arrhenius 水-离子论（无机物） Br?nsted-Lowry 质子论（有机物） Lewis 电子论（有机物，更广泛） * 第四章 含杂原子官能团化合物 Compounds Containing Heteroatom Functional Group 第四章重点内容 一、含N, O, X官能团化合物的命名 二、含官能团化合物的结构与物理性质（自学） 三、有机化合物的酸碱问题 四、杂环化合物简介 (自学) 表4-1 含N、O、X官能团的词头词尾中英文名称 官能团 做取代基名称 做母体和词尾名称 中文 英文 中文 英文 -COOH 羧基 carboxy 酸 -carboxylicacid(含碳) -oicacid(不含碳) -COOR 烃氧甲酰基 R-oxycarbonyl 酯 -carbonylate -oate -COX 卤甲酰基