PEF-Separation 制药工程与 及设备基础　Pharmaceutical Equipment Fundamentals　　.ppt

Pharmaceutical Equipment Fundamentals Separation 陈慧萍 chenhuiping@ncu.edu.cn Separation Technology in the Past Separation Technology in the Past Conventional Process Distillation Limits to Distillation Benign Solvents Separation Processes Background Material for Separations Materials and energy balances: conservation of energy and matter Thermodynamics: phase equilibrium and solution thermodynamics Transport phenomena Chemical reaction kinetics: rate of conversion of one species to another The fundamentals in separations involve: For the most part our analysis of various separations processes will focus on using phase equilibrium and materials and energy balances. Basic Description of Operations Separations processes can be run in various modes of operation: ? Batchwise: no flows ? Continuous: continuous flows in and out of separators ? Semicontinuous: pauses in flows. Operations are classified as key operations and auxiliary operations ? Key Operation: involves reaction or separations Examples: distillation, leaching, reactor ? Auxiliary Operation: involves no change in chemical composition Examples: pumps, heaters, compressors Block Flow Diagrams indicate: ? Key Operations by rectangles ? Flows and Streams by lines Basic Description of Operations F S2 S1 P1 P2 Block Flow Diagram Distillation Basic Description of Operations Process Flow Diagram indicates processes by: ? Realistic symbols of process equipment ? Including auxiliary operations Total condenser Overhead vapor Boilup N 2 1 Distillation Reflux drum Stripping section stages Feed Stage Bottoms Partial reboiler Reflux Distillate Feed Process Flow Diagram Rectifying section stages Mechanism of Separations ? UNMIXING is not a spontaneous process in nature A process requiring no external driving force Reduces randomness and thus the entropy of the system ? Separations involve nonspontaneous processes ? Usually the mixture to separate is a homogeneous,